Path Testing in Software Testing with Example | Triangle Problem

This post explains Path Testing in software testing. Path testing is one of the test design techniques. Path testing is a structured testing methodology, meaning it is based on mathematics. Path testing is white box testing and complementary to other software testing methodologies like requirements based testing. View my Path Testing tutorial to understand path testing. Then read on.

 

In order to use path testing techniques, you should know about the Control Flow Graph, which represents the program or the algorithm to be tested. Here is the Control Flow Graph for the Triangle Problem example below. In this Control Flow Graph, 1 is the Entry Node and 10 is the Exit node. The nodes 1 through 10 represent the Steps below. The directional arrows e.g. Node 1 to Node 2 represent the control flow between the Steps. The directional arrows are called Edges. Using the Control Flow Graph, you can compute the Cyclomatic Complexity, which is E - N + 2, where E is the number of Edges and N is the number of Nodes. In this Control Flow Graph example, Cyclomatic Complexity is 12 - 10 + 2 = 4.

 

The Triangle Problem is to find out the type of the triangle, given its' three sides. Here is the algorithm for the Triangle Problem.

 

In path testing for triangle problem, there are four basis (independent) paths of algorithm execution, which you need to test with test data.

• Not a Triangle: Node1 > Node2 > Node3 > Node10
• Equilateral Triangle: Node1 > Node2 > Node4 > Node5 > Node10
• Isosceles Triangle: Node1 > Node2 > Node4 > Node6 > Node7 > Node10
• Scalene Triangle: Node1 > Node2 > Node4 > Node6 > Node8 > Node9 > Node10
  

Want to learn Path testing with example explained in detail? Want to learn the Path Testing process? Then, please view my Path Testing in Software Testing tutorial. Thank you.

SQL Queries Tutorial | Sql Query tutorial for Beginners with Examples

This is my first post of the year 😀. As I mentioned in my SQL Queries Tutorial and Sql Query tutorial for beginners with examples, the SQL queries that you can use for practice are below.

 

SQL Queries (these SQL queries in DBMS are explained in the above SQL Tutorial for Beginners):

 

1) [SQL for beginners] Get all fields of all records from the Customers table.
select * from Customers

2) [SQL for beginners] Select only the named fields from the Customers table.
select CustomerID, CustomerName, Country from Customers

3) [SQL for beginners] Select only 5 records and only the given fields from the Customers table.
select top 5 CustomerID, CustomerName, Country from Customers

4) [SQL for beginners] Select only the given fields from all records which match the given condition in the Customers table.

select  CustomerID, CustomerName, Country from Customers where Country = 'USA'
5) [SQL for beginners] Select all fields of all records from the Employees table.
select * from Employees

6) Select all records from the Employees table ordered by FirstName field.
select * from Employees order by FirstName

7) Select all records from the Employees table ordered by FirstName field in descending order.
select * from Employees order by FirstName desc
8) Select OrderID field with alias ID, CustomerID field with alias Customer and so on from the Orders table.
select OrderID as ID, CustomerID as Customer, OrderDate as [Date] from Orders

9) [SQL Joins] Select with Inner Join of Orders table with Customers table.
select Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName, Customers.Country
from Orders inner join Customers on Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID
10) Select those Employees whose EmployeeID does not appear in the Orders table.
select * from Employees where EmployeeID not in (select EmployeeID from Orders)

11) [SQL Joins] Select with Left Join of Employees table with Orders table.
select Employees.FirstName, Employees.LastName, Orders.OrderID
from Employees left join Orders on Employees.EmployeeID =Orders.EmployeeID
order by Employees.FirstName, Employees.LastName
12) [SQL Joins] Select with Right Join of Orders table with Employees table.
select Employees.FirstName, Employees.LastName, Orders.OrderID
from Orders right join Employees
on Employees.EmployeeID =Orders.EmployeeID
order by Employees.FirstName, Employees.LastName
13) [SQL Joins] Select pairs of products with the same price using Self Join of Products table.
select P1.ProductID as ID1, P1.ProductName as Name1, P1.Price as Price1, P2.ProductID as ID2, P2.ProductName as Name2, P2.Price as Price2
from Products P1 inner join Products P2 on P1.Price = P2.Price and P1.ProductID <> P2.ProductID
14) [SQL queries examples] Using Union, select Country field values from the Customers table and Suppliers table.

select Country from Customers union select Country from Suppliers

15) [SQL queries examples] Using Union All, select Country field values including duplicates from the Customers table and Suppliers table.
select Country from Customers union all select Country from Suppliers
16) Using Group By, count the total number of suppliers per country from the Suppliers table.
select count(SupplierID) as TotalSuppliers, Country
from Suppliers group by Country
17) Using Group By, count the total number of products per price point from the Products table.
select count(ProductID) as ProductsNumber, Price
from Products group by Price order by Price
18) Using the above SQL query, select only those price points that have more than one product.
select count(ProductID) as ProductsNumber, Price
from Products group by Price having count(ProductID)>1 order by Price
19) Using a sub query, select those customers who have ordered any quantity more than 90 units.
select CustomerID, CustomerName from Customers 

where CustomerID = any (select Orders.CustomerID from Orders inner join OrderDetails on Orders.OrderID = OrderDetails.OrderID  where OrderDetails.Quantity > 90)

You can practice the above SQL Queries on W3Schools website.

SelectorsHub Introduction | SelectorsHub tutorial for CSS selectors and XPath locators

This post introduces SelectorsHub, which is a free tool to find correct CSS selectors and XPath locators automatically. CSS selectors and XPath locators can be tough to write for beginners in test automation, like those learning Selenium WebDriver automated testing, or take time to write for experienced web developers and test automators. SelectorsHub automatically suggests complete selectors like CSS selectors, XPath and other web element locators. View SelectorsHub demonstration to find CSS selector like CSS Id and Css Class Selector or read on.

View SelectorsHub demonstration on how to find XPath in Chrome Browser and how to find XPath in Firefox. SelectorsHub is also available for Edge and Opera browsers.

SelectorsHub may help you improve XPath and CSS selectors writing skills. It offers choices of selectors and locators with the number of occurrences of each. SelectorsHub works with shadow DOM and svg element. It also gives the error message if case of any mistake in your written selector. SelectorsHub's user interface may be customized, if you want. View the demonstration of SelectorsHub features and benefits.

For details, check out What is SelectorsHub. You may also contact Sanjay Kumar, the inventor of SelectorsHub. Thank you.